The experimental psychology in the museum: the case of priming at the Pinacoteca di Brera
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Annalisa Banzi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
All the papers are published under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13138/2039-2362/4139Keywords:
Priming, Museum, Psychology, Visitor Experience, Learning, EmotionAbstract
This paper presents an experimental study carried out at the Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan) aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of semantic, visual, and combined priming in enhancing the museum experience. The objective is to explore the potential of this implicit memory mechanism in promoting learning, emotional wellbeing, and pro-environmental attitudes, building on and refining a pilot study previously conducted at the Pinacoteca Ambrosiana. The experimental design involved 161 participants divided into four groups and employed psychometric tools administered before and after the visit. The research, based on a research protocol approved by the Ethics Committee of the Università del Sacro Cuore di Milano, conducted in a real-world ecological context, highlights the potential to transform the museum into a cognitive and social laboratory. It proposes a replicable model for investigating cognitive and emotional processes in museum settings, while also enhancing the value of collections and supporting the institution’s mission.
References
Antinucci F. (2007), Musei virtuali. Come non fare innovazione tecnologica, Roma-Bari: Laterza.
Banzi A. (2012), Priming semantico e museografia, «Il Capitale Culturale», 5.
Banzi A. (2023), The Brain-Friendly Museum. Using Psychology and Neuroscience to Improve the Visitor Experience, London-New York: Routledge.
Banzi A., Bait M., Folgieri R., Minetti S. (2013), Introducing a virtual reality EEG-BCI and priming-based tool to make art interactive: a technological and linguistic challenge, in Electronic Imaging & the Visual Arts EVA 2013 Florence, Firenze: Firenze University Press.
Banzi A., Conci C., Scoppola L. (2017), Raccontare le storie dell’arte. Educazione e capitale umano, Milano: Franco Angeli.
Banzi A., Folgieri R. (2013), Learning by looking. The case for visual-perceptual repetition priming, «State of Mind. Il Giornale delle scienze Psicologiche».
Banzi A., Folgieri R. (2014), Memoria implicita e alfabetizzazione visiva nel contesto museale, «Il Capitale Culturale», 9.
Bilda Z., Candy L., Edmonds E. (2007), An embodied cognition framework for interactive experience, «CoDesign», 3, 2, pp. 123-137.
Cagri A., Aydinli B., Bakar F. et al. (2011), Preparing attitude scale to define students' attitudes about environment, recycling, plastic and plastic waste, «International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education», 1, 3, pp. 179–191.
Chirico A., Ferrise F., Cordella L., Gaggioli A. (2018), Designing awe in virtual reality: an experimental study, «Frontiers in Psychology», 8, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02351.
Chirico A., Scurati G.W., Maffi C., Huang S., Graziosi S., Ferrise F., Gaggioli A. (2021b), Designing virtual environments for attitudes and behavioral change in plastic consumption: A comparison between concrete and numerical information, «Virtual Reality», 25, 1, pp. 107-121.
Chirico A., Shiota M.N., Gaggioli A. (2021), Positive emotion dispositions and emotion regulation in the Italian population, «PLOS ONE», 16, 3, e0245545.
Gottfried J.A. et al. (2004), Remembrance of Odors Past. Human Olfactory Cortex in Cross-Modal Recognition Memory, «Neuron», 42, 4, pp. 687–695.
Goulding C. (2000), The museum environment and the visitor experience, «European Journal of Marketing», 34, 3/4, pp. 261–278.
Herr P.M. (1986), Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior, «Journal of Personality and Social Psychology», 51, 6, pp. 1106.
Kirchberg V., Tröndle M. (2012), Experiencing exhibitions: A review of studies on visitor experiences in museums, «Curator: The Museum Journal», 55, 4, pp. 435–452.
Kuzyakov Y., Friedel J.K., Stahr K. (2000), Review of mechanisms and quantification of priming effects, «Soil Biology and Biochemistry», 32, 11-12, pp. 1485-1498.
Liu J.H., Sibley C.G. (2012), Hope for the Future in Mitigating Climate Change? On Statistically Modeling Self‐Sacrifice in the Face of Global Warming, «Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy», 12, 1, pp. 239–244.
Lucchiari C., Vanutelli M.E., Ferrara V., Folgieri R., Banzi A. (2024), Promoting Well-Being in the Museum: The ASBA Project Research Protocol, «The International Journal of Health, Wellness, and Society», 14, 4, pp. 73–88.
Markle G.L. (2013), Pro-environmental behavior: Does it matter how it’s measured? Development and validation of the pro-environmental behavior scale (PEBS), «Human Ecology», 41, pp. 905–914.
Marks M., Chandler L., Baldwin C. (2016), Re-imagining the environment: using an environmental art festival to encourage pro-environmental behaviour and a sense of place, «Local Environment», 21, 3, pp. 310-329.
Menardo E., Brondino M., Pasini M. (2020), Adaptation and psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Pro-Environmental Behaviours Scale (PEBS), «Environment, Development and Sustainability», 22, 7, pp. 6907–6930.
Pizzolante M., Banzi A., Gaggioli A. (2024), Priming at the Museum. The Pleasure of Learning, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/WRXCN
Smith-Sebasto N.J., D’Costa A. (1995), Designing a Likert-type scale to predict environmentally responsible behavior in undergraduate students: A multistep process, «The Journal of Environmental Education», 27, 1, pp. 14–20.
Springborg C., Ladkin D. (2018), Realising the potential of art-based interventions in managerial learning: Embodied cognition as an explanatory theory, «Journal of Business Research», 85, pp. 532–539.
Taştepe T. (2017), A study to develop an attitude scale for recycling among high school students, «Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi», 3, pp. 1–13.
Taylor J.C. (1981), Learning to look. A handbook for the visual arts, Chicago-London: The University of Chicago Press.
Terraciano A., McCrae R.R., Costa P.T. Jr (2003), Factorial and construct validity of the Italian Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), «European Journal of Psychological Assessment», 19, 2, pp. 131–141.

