Museo e tecnologie digitali: profili professionali emergenti / Museums and digital technologies: emerging professional profiles
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
All the papers are published under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13138/2039-2362/1581Abstract
Il paper si propone di individuare alcune figure professionali emergenti in ambito museale, conseguenti all’introduzione delle Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). L’esiguità dei riferimenti bibliografici e delle indagini disponibili in materia ha suggerito il ricorso a varie fonti alternative per reperire informazioni utili sul tema: precedenti esperienze di classificazione dei profili ICT e una rassegna delle più recenti offerte di lavoro e job descriptions relative al settore in esame. È stato così possibile individuare nove profili che, per competenze e funzioni, possono guidare le istituzioni museali nel complesso processo di integrazione indotto dalle nuove tecnologie.
This paper aims to identify emerging professional roles within the museum context, related to the introduction of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The existing shortage of bibliographical references and gaps in previous studies available on this specific subject, have suggested using different analysis of contexts and sources in order to gain useful information. Thus, to reach the aim of the paper were chosen different evidences concerning: previous experiences in classification of ICT professional profiles and an overview of the most recent job offers and job descriptions relating to museums. Following this path, it was possible to identify nine job profiles, which, considering their duties and functions, provide insights for museums’ managers in the complex process of integration set by new technologies.
References
Ala-Mutka K. (2011), Mapping Digital Competence: Towards a Conceptual Understanding, Seville: JRC-IPTS, http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC67075_TN.pdf, 08.01.2017.
Albitz R.S. (2002), Electronic resource librarians in academic libraries: A position announcement analysis, 1996-2001, «Libraries and the Academy», 2, n. 4, pp. 589-600.
Alletto S., Cucchiara R., Del Fiore G., Mainetti L., Mighali V., Patrono L., Serra G. (2016), An Indoor Location-Aware System for an IoT-Based Smart Museum, «IEEE Internet of Things Journal», 3, n. 2, pp. 244-253.
Barile S. (2006), L’impresa come sistema. Contributi sull’approccio sistemico vitale (ASV), Torino: Giappichelli.
Bodo S. (2000), Il museo relazionale, Torino: Fondazione Agnelli.
Bollo A. (2012), Il marketing della cultura, Roma: Carocci Editore.
Bonacini E. (2011), Nuove tecnologie per la fruizione e valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale, Roma: Aracne.
Bonacini E. (2012), Il museo partecipativo sul web: forme di partecipazione dell’utente alla produzione culturale e alla creazione di valore culturale, «Il capitale culturale. Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage», n. 5, pp. 93-125, https://riviste.unimc.it/index.php/cap-cult/article/view/201, 02.10.2016.
Bonacini E. (2014), La realtà aumentata e le app culturali in Italia: storie da un matrimonio in mobilità, «Il capitale culturale. Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage», n. 9, pp. 89-121, https://riviste.unimc.it/index.php/cap-cult/article/viewFile/740/573, 03.10.2016.
Bonacini E. (2015), “Aperti per vocazione”. Il Salinas 2.0 e l’anomalia siciliana in chiave social, «Tafter Journal», n. 85, November-December 2015, http://www.tafterjournal.it/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Salinas-2.0-ITA1.pdf, 01.10.2016.
Bonacini E. (2016), Il Museo Salinas: un case study di social museum… a porte chiuse, «Il capitale culturale. Studies on the Value of Cultural Heritage», n. 13, pp. 225-266.
Boscaro A., Porta R. (2015), Effetto Digitale. Le nuove professioni, gli strumenti e il personal branding, Milano: Franco Angeli.
Bowen J.P., Giannini T. (2014), A New York Museums and Pratt Partnership: Building Web Collections and Preparing Museum Professionals, in MW2015: Museums and the Web 2015, published January 29, http://mw2015.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/a-new-york-museums-and-pratt-partnership-building-web-collections-and-preparing-museum-professionals-for-the-digital-world/, 29.09.16.
Cabasino E. (2005), I mestieri del patrimonio: professioni e mercato del lavoro nei beni culturali in Italia, Milano: Franco Angeli.
Carliner S., Castonguay C., Sheepy E., Ribeiro O., Sabri H., Saylor C., Valle A. (2015), The Job Of A Performance Consultant: A Qualitative Content Analysis Of Job Descriptions, «European Journal Of Training And Development», 39, n. 6, pp. 458-483.
Caruso R., Fonti D. (2012), Il museo contemporaneo: storie, esperienze competenze, Roma: Gangemi.
Casella G., Coelho M. (2013), Augmented heritage: situating augmented reality mobile apps in cultural heritage communication, in Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Information Systems and Design of Communication ISDOC 13 (Lisboa, Portugal, July 11-12), edited by C.J. Costa, M. Aparicio, New York: ACM, pp. 138-140.
Cataldo L. (2014), Musei e patrimonio in rete. Dai sistemi museali al distretto culturale evoluto, Milano: Hoepli.
Cataldo L., Paraventi M. (2007), Il museo oggi. Linee guida per una museologia contemporanea, Milano: Hoepli.
Centro Studi Unioncamere, Alimentare il digitale. Futuro del lavoro e della competitività dell’Italia, http://www.starnet.unioncamere.it/Rapporto-Unioncamere-2015--Alimentare-il-digitale_5A48, 01.10.2016.
CEN – European Committee for Standardization (2014), European e-Competence Framework 3.0: Un Framework Europeo condiviso per i Professionisti ICT di tutti i settori industriali CWA 16234, http://www.ecompetences.eu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/European-e-Competence-Framework-3.0_IT.pdf, 01.10.2016.
CEN Whorkshop on ICT Skills (2012), European ICT Professional Profiles, http://www.ecompetences.eu/it/ict-professional-profiles-2/, 18.10.2016.
Chianese A., Piccialli F. (2014), Designing a Smart Museum: When Cultural Heritage Joins IoT, in Eighth International Conference on Next Generation Mobile Apps, Services and Technologies (NGMAST 2014) (Oxford, UK, September 10-12), Procedings, IEEE CPS, IEEE Xplore, pp. 300-306.
Cisnero K. (2015), Paid, Owned and Earned Social Media: a complete Content Promotion Plan, «bloghootsuit.com», February 2015, https://blog.hootsuite.com/content-promotion-through-paid-owned-earned-social-media/, 14.11.2016.
Clarelli M.V. (2011), Il museo nel mondo contemporaneo. La teoria e la prassi, Roma: Carocci.
Colombo M.E. (2016), Comunicare il museo. Riflessioni sul ruolo del Digital Media curator, in Artestorie. Le professioni della storia dell’arte, a cura di M.S. Bottai, S. Cecchini, N. Mandarano, Milano: Cisalpino – Istituto Editoriale Universitario, pp. 93-102.
Commissione Europea (2007), Competenze chiave per l’apprendimento permanente. Un quadro di riferimento europeo, Lussemburgo: Ufficio delle Pubblicazioni Ufficiali delle Comunità Europee, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/IT/ALL/?uri=celex:32006H0962, 01.10.2016.
Commissione Europea (2008), Explaining the European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning, Lussemburgo: Ufficio delle Pubblicazioni Ufficiali delle Comunità Europee.
Confetto M.G. (2015), Social Media Content. Una prospettiva manageriale, Torino: Giappichelli.
Courtin A., Juanals B., Minel J.L., De Saint Léger M. (2014), A Tool-Based Methodology to Analyze Social Network Interactions in Cultural Fields: The Use Case “MuseumWeek”, in Social Informatics, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference, SocInfo 2014 (Barcelona, Spain, November 11-13), edited by L.M. Aiello, D. Daniel McFarland, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, pp. 144-156.
Crane A., Matten D. (2007), Business Ethics, 2nd ed., New York: Oxford University Press.
Croneis K.S., Henderson P. (2002), Electronic and Digital Librarian Positions: A Content Analysis of Announcements from 1990 through 2000, «The Journal of Academic Librarianship», 28, n. 4, pp. 232-237.
De Biase F. (1999), Il nuovo manuale delle professioni culturali: strumenti, percorsi e strategie per le professioni nuove, Torino: Utet.
De Biase F., Garbarini A. (2003), High tech high touch: professioni culturali emergenti tra nuove tecnologie e relazioni sociali, Milano: Franco Angeli.
Deissinger T. (2009), The European Qualifications Framework and the European Lifelong Learning Perspective: How European Countries are Preparing to Cope with the New Philosophy of VET, «International Journal of Training Research», 7, n. 1, pp. 1-18.
Droitcour B., Smith W. (2016), The Digitized Museum, «Art in America», Oct. 01, http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/magazine/the-digitized-museum/, 08.11.2016.
eCult Skills Observatory (2015a), eCult Skills Training Guidelines, http://www.e-jobs-observatory.eu/sites/e-jobs-observatory.eu/files/eCultSkills_Training_Guidelines_EN.pdf, 02.10.16.
eCult Skills Observatory (2015b), eCult Skills Role Profiles, http://www.e-jobs-observatory.eu/sites/e-jobs-observatory.eu/files/eCultSkills_Role_profiles_EN.pdf, 02.10.2016.
Edwards A.R. (2005), The Sustainability Revolution: Portrait of a Paradigm Shift, Gabriola Island: New Society Publishers.
Elkington J. (1994), Towards the sustainable corporation: Win-win-win business strategies for sustainable development, «California Management Review», 36, n. 2, pp. 90-100.
Elkington J. (1997), Cannibals with Forks. The Triple Bottom Line of 21st Century Business, Oxford: Capstone Publishing.
Falk J.H., Dierking L.D. (2000), Learning from Museums: Visitor Experiences and the Making of Meaning, Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira.
Ferrari A. (2013). DIGCOMP: A framework for developing and understanding digital competence in Europe, Seville: JRC-IPTS, http://ftp.jrc.es/EURdoc/JRC83167.pdf, 08.01.2017.
Fondazione Symbola, Unioncamere, Io sono cultura. Rapporto 2016. L’Italia della qualità e della bellezza sfida la crisi, http://www.symbola.net/html/article/Rapporto2016IOSONOCULTURA, 18.01.2017.
Franzosi R. (2007), Content Analysis: Objective, Systematic, and Quantitative Description of Content, in R. Franzosi, Sage Benchmarks in Social Research Methods: Content Analysis, London: Sage Publications Ltd., pp. XXI-XLX.
Garlandini A., a cura di (2006), Carta nazionale delle professioni museali, Conferenza internazionale dei musei (Milano, 24 ottobre 2005).
Garlandini A. (2007), La carta nazionale delle professioni museali. Genesi, risultati, prospettive, «Museologia Scientifica», n. 1, pp. 129-139.
Golinelli C.M. (2008), La sfida della valorizzazione del patrimonio culturale: verso la definizione di un modello di governance, Milano: Giuffré.
Golinelli G.M. 2000, L’approccio sistemico al governo dell’impresa. L’impresa sistema vitale, vol. I, Padova: Cedam.
Golinelli G.M. (2016), Patrimonio culturale e creazione di valore, Padova: Cedam.
Grincheva N. (2013), Cultural diplomacy 2.0: challenges and opportunities in Museum International Practices, «Museum and society», 11, n. 1, pp. 39-49.
Guerrini M., Possemato T. (2012), Linked data: un nuovo alfabeto del web semantico, «Biblioteche Oggi», 30, n. 3, pp. 7-15.
Halvorson K., Rach M. (2012), Content Strategy for the Web, Berkeley: New Riders Edition.
Hamma K. (2004), Becoming digital, «Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology», 30, n. 5, pp. 11-13, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bult.322/epdf, 26.10.2016.
Hooper-Greenhill E. (1994), Museums and their visitors, Londra: Routledge.
Hooper-Greenhill E. (2000), Changing Values in the Art Museum: rethinking communication and learning, «International Journal of Heritage Studies», 6, n. 1, pp. 9-31.
IAB (Interactive Advertising Bureau), Platform Status Report: User generated Content, Social Media and Advertising – An overview, iab.net, http://www.iab.net/media/file/2008_ugc_platform.pdf, 31.01.2017
IWA Italy, G3 Web Skills Profiles – versione 2.0 – Generation 3 European ICT Professional Profiles, http://www.skillprofiles.eu/stable/g3/2014-06-30.pdf, 29.09.2016.
Johnson L., Adams Becker S., Estrada V., Freeman A. (2015), The NMC Horizon Report: 2015 Museum Edition, Austin, TX: New Media Consortium.
Kinsley R.P., Portenoy J. (2015), Perspectives of Emerging Museum Professionals on the Role of Big Data in Museums, in System Sciences (HICSS), 48th Hawaii International Conference on IEEE (Grand Hyatt, HI, January, 5-8), pp. 2075-2084.
Krippendorff K. (1983), Analisi del contenuto. Introduzione metodologica, Torino: Eri.
Kuflik T., Wecker A.J., Lanir J., Oliviero S. (2015), An integrative framework for extending the boundaries of the museum visit experience: linking the pre, during and post visit phases, «Information Technology and Tourism», 15, n. 1, pp. 17-47.
Maggi M., Dondona C.A. (2006), Macchine culturali. Reti e sistemi nell’organizzazione dei musei, Torino: Ires.
Marty P.F. (2006), Meeting user needs in the modern museum: Profiles of the new museum information professional, «Library & information science research», 28, n. 1, pp. 128-144.
Marty P.F. (2007), Museum professionals and the relevance of LIS expertise, «Library & Information Science Research», 29, n. 2, pp. 252-276.
Mazura M., Horjan G., Vannini C., Antlej K., Cosentino A. (2015), eCult vademecum. A Guide for Museums to Develop a Technology Strategy & Technology Providers to understand the Needs of Cultural Heritage Institutions, http://www.ecultobservatory.eu/sites/ecultobservatory.eu/files/documents/Vademecum_PDF_V2.0.pdf, 06.03.2017.
McMillan S.J. (2000), The microscope and the moving target: The challenge of applying content analysis to the World Wide Web, «Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly», 77, n. 1, pp. 80-98.
Miles M.B., Huberman A.M. (1994), Qualitative data analysis, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Minguzzi A., Solima L. (2015), Innovare il rapporto tra musei, visitatori ed utenti attraverso le relazioni digitali, «Economia e diritto del terziario», n. 1, Milano: Franco Angeli, pp. 41-61.
Monaci S., Ilardi E., Spano M. (2012), Patrimonio virtuale. Modelli di comunicazione e tecnologie per la valorizzazione dei beni culturali, Napoli: Scriptaweb.
Montella M. (2003a), Marche Museo diffuso, Perugia: Crace.
Montella M. (2003b), Organizzazione e sviluppo di reti museali, Perugia: Crace.
Montella M. (2003c), Musei e beni culturali. Verso un modello di governance, Milano: Electa Editore.
Moreno L., Martinez P. (2013), Overlapping factors in search engine optimization and web accessibility, «Online Information Review», 37, n. 4, pp. 564-580.
Murray M. (2013), Editorial Plan Best Practices: Prime Your Content Marketing for Success, «Content Marketing Institute», September, http://contentmarketinginstitute.com/2013/09/editorial-plan-best-practices-content-marketing-success/, 10.11.16.
Oberoi S. (2008), Digital images in museums: Doing the DAM: Digital asset management at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, «Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology», 34, n. 4, pp. 17-22.
Owens T. (2013), Digital Cultural Heritage and the Crowd, «Curator», n. 56, pp.121-130.
Parry R. (2010), Museums in a Digital Age, London-New York: Routdlege.
Parsons T. (1956), Suggestions for a sociological approach to the theory of organizations, «Administrative Science Quarterly», 1, n. 1, pp. 63-85.
Petrelli D., Ciolfi L., van Dijk D., Hornecker E., Not E., Schmidt A. (2013), Integrating material and digital: a new way for cultural heritage, «Interactions», 20, n. 4, pp. 58-63.
Phillips R. (2003), Community collaboration in exhibitions: introduction, in Museums and Source Communities, edited by L. Peers, A. K. Brown, New York: Routledge, pp. 157-170.
Poole N., Dawson A. (2013), Spectrum Digital Asset Management, England: Collection Trust.
Proctor N. (2010), Digital: Museum as Platform, Curator as Champion, in the Age of Social Media, «Curator, The Museum Journal», 53, pp. 35-43.
Pulizzi J. (2014), Epic Content Marketing, New York: McGraw-Hill Education.
Quaddus M.A., Siddique M.A.B. (2011), Handbook of Corporate Sustainability: Frameworks, Strategy and Tools, London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Rivera L.W. (2013), The Museum 2.0 Divide: Approaches to Digitisation and New Media, «Museum International», 65, n. 1-4, pp. e1-e8.
Rodà C. (2010), De 1.0 a 2.0: el viaje de los museos a la comunicación social, «Revista mus-A», VIII, n. 12, Siviglia, pp. 22-33.
Rodà C. (2015), Stratégie digitale au musée, «ICOFOM Study Series, Nouvelles tendances en Muséologie», 43b, Parigi, pp. 398-404.
Ronchi A.M. (2009) eCulture: cultural content in the digital age, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media.
Royston C., Delafond S. (2014), How To Introduce Digital Transformation To A Museum, http://mw2014.museumsandtheweb.com/paper/how-to-introduce-digital-transformation-to-a-museum/, 09.11.2016.
Russo A., Watkins J., Kelly L., Chan S (2008), Participatory Communication with Social Media, «Curator, The Museum Journal», 51, pp. 21-31.
Santoro M. (2001), Dall’analogico al digitale: la conservazione dei supporti non cartacei, «Biblioteche Oggi», marzo 2001, pp. 88-100 http://www.bibliotecheoggi.it/2001/20010208801.pdf, 26.10.2016.
Siano A., Eagle L., Confetto M.G., Siglioccolo, M. (2010), Destination competitiveness and museum marketing strategies: an emerging issue in the Italian context, «Museum Management and Curatorship», 25, n. 3, pp. 259-276.
Siano A., Vollero A., Confetto M.G., Siglioccolo M. (2013), Corporate communication management: A framework based on decision making with reference to communication resources, «Journal of Marketing Communications», 19, pp. 151-167.
Siano A., Vollero A., Siglioccolo M. (2015), Corporate Communication Management. Accrescere la reputazione per attrarre risorse, Torino: Giappichelli.
Simon N. (2010), The Participatory Museum, Santa Cruz: Museum 2.0.
Solima L. (2011), Nuove tecnologie per la valorizzazione dei beni culturali, in Mezzogiorno e beni culturali. Caratteristiche, potenzialità e policy per una loro efficace valorizzazione, SRM-Studi e Ricerche per il Mezzogiorno, Napoli: Cuzzolin Editore, pp. 271-309, http://www.sr-m.it/wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads/2015/09/Beni-culturali.pdf, 04.10.2016.
Solima L. (2016), Smart Museums. Sul prossimo avvento della Internet of Things e del dialogo tra gli oggetti nei luoghi della cultura, «Sinergie Italian Journal of Management», n. 99, pp.263-283.
Stracke C.M. (2012), The Future of Learning Innovations and Learning Quality, Berlin: Gito.
Stumpo G. (2006), I consumi culturali: le abitudini dei cittadini italiani, «Economia della Cultura», XVI, n. 2, pp. 179-190.
Tallon L., Walker K. (2008), Digital Technologies and The Museum Experience. Handheld Guides and Other Media, New York: Altamira Press.
Tammaro A.M., Santoro S. (2008), Scienze umane e cultura digitale, Fiesole: Casalini Digital.
Tullini P. (2015), C’è lavoro sul web, «Labour & Law Issues», 1, n. 1, pp. 1-20, https://labourlaw.unibo.it/issue/view/475, 03.10.2016.
Tuzzi A. (2003), L’analisi del contenuto. Introduzione ai metodi e alle tecniche di ricerca, Roma: Carocci.
Visser, J., Richardson J. (2013), Digital engagement in culture, heritage and the arts, Inspired by Coffee, http://digitalengagementframework.com/, 01.10.2016.
White G. (2000), Head of Reference Positions in Academic Libraries: A Survey of Job Announcements from 1990 through 1999, «Reference & User Services Quarterly», pp. 265-272.
Xhaet G., Fidora G. (2015), Le nuove professioni digitali, Milano: Hoepli.
